The Pacific Ocean borders its coast to the west and the country also borders Ecuador to the northwest , Colombia to the northeast , Brazil to the east , Bolivia to the southeast and Chile to the south . Its territory is made up of diverse landscapes: the valleys, plateaus and high peaks of the Andes unfold to the west towards the desert coast , from the north to the southeast of the country and to the east towards the Amazon . It's one of thecountries with the greatest biological diversity 14 and the greatest mineral resources in the world. 15
Ancient Peru was home to successive civilizations during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one of the longest civilization histories of any country, dating back to the tenth millennium BC. C. Notable pre-colonial cultures and civilizations include the Caral-Supe civilization in 3200 BC. C. 16 (the oldest civilization in the Americas and considered one of the cradles of civilization ), the Nazca culture , the Chavín culture , the Wari empires , Tiahuanaco , the Kingdom of Cusco , and the Inca Empire, which was the last autochthonous or indigenous state, which dominated much of western South America around the fifteenth century .